MPPSC MAINS 2021 Paper-II

Points to Remember: Key differences lie in philosophy, focus, and implementation. NPA emphasizes citizen participation and social equity. NPM focuses on efficiency, performance, and market mechanisms. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. Introduction: The evolution of public administration has witnessed significant shifts in paradigms. Two prominent approaches that have shaped the field are New Public … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition of Bounded Rationality Limitations of Rationality Impact on Decision-Making Processes Heuristics and Biases Implications for Organizations and Individuals Introduction: The concept of “bounded rationality” challenges the traditional economic assumption of perfect rationality, where individuals possess complete information, unlimited cognitive abilities, and perfectly align their choices with their preferences to maximize utility. … Read more

Points to Remember: Integral Humanism’s emphasis on holistic development. Its focus on the interconnectedness of individual and society. The concept of “Ekatma Manav” (One-Self Man). Its critique of both capitalism and communism. Its emphasis on Dharma and Karma. Introduction: Deendayal Upadhyaya’s Integral Humanism is a socio-economic philosophy that seeks to integrate the spiritual and material … Read more

Points to Remember: The relationship between social democracy and political democracy. Babasaheb Ambedkar’s vision for India. Ambedkar’s views on social justice and equality. The role of social reform in strengthening political democracy. Challenges in achieving social democracy in India. Introduction: The statement “Social democracy is the major basis of political democracy” posits that a robust … Read more

Points to Remember: Lack of Enforcement Powers Dependence on Government Funding Limited Reach and Accessibility Procedural Delays and Bureaucracy Inadequate Resources and Staffing Political Influence and Bias Introduction: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Its mandate is to investigate human … Read more

Points to Remember: Regulatory Body: CCI is an independent regulatory body. Promoting Competition: Its primary function is to ensure healthy competition in the Indian market. Combating Anti-competitive Practices: It investigates and prevents anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance, and combinations (mergers and acquisitions). Consumer Welfare: Ultimately, its actions aim to benefit consumers through lower prices, better … Read more

Points to Remember: Definition and nature of coalition governments. Factors leading to coalition governments at the Centre and States. Advantages and disadvantages of coalition governments. Case studies of successful and unsuccessful coalitions. The impact of coalition politics on governance and policy-making. The future of coalition politics in India. Introduction: The Indian political landscape is significantly … Read more

Points to Remember: Shift from caste as a political tool to politics being shaped by caste. Increased caste-based mobilization and voting patterns. Role of political parties in reinforcing caste identities. Impact on social cohesion and national unity. Potential for both positive and negative consequences. Introduction: Indian politics has witnessed a significant transformation in the relationship … Read more

Points to Remember: Cooperative Federalism: Emphasis on collaboration and shared responsibilities between the Union and States. Competitive Federalism: Emphasis on competition among states to attract investment and development. Fiscal Federalism: Distribution of financial resources between the Union and States. Inter-State Council: Constitutional body for resolving disputes between the Union and States. Devolution of Powers: Transferring … Read more

Points to Remember: Increased efficiency and productivity Improved employee development and morale Introduction: Delegation, the act of assigning responsibility for a task or project to another person, is a crucial management skill. Effective delegation not only lightens the workload of managers but also fosters growth and development within a team. While it requires trust and … Read more